Distilled

water

The waste need to be

powdered, transferred to

distilled water, boiled, and

filtered to obtain extract

Metal salt solutions of known concentration is mixed

with extract obtained from the waste sources and

heated in a water bath or kept in a shaker at room

temperature till the colour changes

FG^–

M+

M+

FG^–

FG

M

Extract

Metal salt solution

Reduction of metal ion

The separation of nanoparticles

with centrifugation.

The supernatant is discarded

and the pellet is washed for

further characterization

Application

Antimicrobial activity

Photo catalysis

Removal of antibiotic from water

Effect on enzyme activity

Nanofertilizer

Radical scavenging activity

Nano additives for fuel

Characterization studies

using UV Vis, FTIR,

DLS, SEM/TEM-EDX,

XRD

I

Figure 24.1

Overview of biosynthesis of nanoparticles, characterization, and application. FG⁻indicates functional group (e.g. OH⁻), M⁺ indicates metal

ion (e.g. Ag⁺).